In Search of Apis mellifera pomonella in Kazakhstan.

Apis mellifera pomonella is one of two subspecies that represent the eastern limits of honey bee (Apis mellifera) distribution, and it is important to understand its biogeography and evolution. Despite this, A. m. pomonella was not investigated after its discovery 20 years ago. In particular, it is not known if it was hybridized or not with exotic subspecies introduced by beekeepers. In this study, we analysed the variation in honey bee forewing shape in Kazakhstan. Bees were collected from apiaries, where the origin of the queens was not controlled by beekeepers; they formed a group called "local bees", and apiaries where queens declared as either A. m. carnica or A. m. mellifera were obtained from queen breeders. The two later groups were called "exotic bees". We showed that local bees are still distinct from exotic ones. However, some samples showed signs of introgression with exotic subspecies from lineage C. In terms of wing shape, the local bees were most similar to lineage O. We concluded that the local bees most likely represented A. m. pomonella. We provided wing images and identification data, which can help to identify A. m. pomonella and protect it in the future. It is interesting that the nearby honey bee population sourced from China, which is not separated by any clear barrier to gene flow, belonged to lineage M.

"It Was Broken Here Before": Present day impact of historical trauma in telemental health services in a rural and remote Aleutian Islands Community.

Telemental health technology is a feasible tool for providing behavioral healthcare in rural areas. However, there is scant literature about implementing this technology within Indigenous populations. The Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association is an urban-based Tribal Health Organization in Alaska tasked with providing behavioral health services to remote Unangax̂ communities. To expand telemental health services, a formative program evaluation was conducted to examine the acceptability of and barriers to implementing telemental health. Using a qualitative approach, five individuals with lived experience in the same community were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Data were analyzed using critical thematic analysis and situated within the context of historical trauma. Five themes were constructed that showed broken trust as the primary barrier to services, despite the substantial obstacles related to communications infrastructure. When situated within the context of historical trauma, the results show how colonization spurred and has maintained broken trust. The clinical, research, and policy implications resulting from this study point to the need for decolonization and integration of culture in behavioral health services. These findings can be informative for organizations and providers seeking to implement telemental health in Indigenous communities.

Patterns of Health Care Access and Use in an Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Population.

Studies of health care access and use among historically resilient populations, while common, often field a limited sample size and rarely ask the groups most impacted by health inequities to weigh in. This is especially so for research and programs that focus on the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population. The present study addresses this gap by examining data from a cross-sectional survey of AIANs in Los Angeles County. To better interpret project findings and generate culturally relevant contexts, qualitative feedback was gathered at a community forum held in Spring 2018. Because recruitment of AIANs has historically been challenging, purposive sampling was employed to strategically identify a larger eligible pool. Among those who were eligible, 94% completed the survey (n = 496). AIANs who were enrolled in a tribe were 32% more likely to use the Indian Health Service (IHS), compared with those who were not enrolled (95% CI: 20.4%, 43.2%; p < .0001). In multivariable modeling, the strongest factors influencing IHS access and use were: tribal enrollment, preference for culturally-specific health care, proximity of the services to home or work, having Medicaid, and having less than a high school education. Feedback from the community forum indicated cost and trust (of a provider) were important considerations for most AIANs. Study findings reveal heterogeneous patterns of health care access and use in this population, suggesting a need to further improve the continuity, stability, and the image of AIANs' usual sources of care (e.g., IHS, community clinics).

Caracterización in situ de poblaciones de Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima recolectadas del noreste de la provincia de San Luis, Argentina / In situ characterization of populations of Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima collected from the northeast of the province of San Luis, Argentina

Abstract: The aerial part of Aloysia gratissima (Gil lies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., "Usillo", is used as aromatic and medicinal. It is a shrub of up to 3 meters, distributed in North America, from the south of the USA to the north of Mexico, and in South America up to the 37th parallel. As in other native sp ecies, the demand is covered by harvesting in wild populations, which brings about the deterioration of the resource and lack of homogeneity of the harvested product. The variability was characterized in nine populations of A. gratissima var. gratissima fr om the northeast of San Luis, Argentina, based on morphological and phytochemical characters. It was found that the species in the region presents considerable heterogeneity. Diversity was detected in the chemical characteristics of the essential oils anal yzed and the prevalence of mono and sesquiterpenes was related to the olfactory identities identified. The main components were the sesquiterpene spatulenol and the monoterpene 1,8 cineole

Resumen: La parte aérea de Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., "usillo", es utilizada como aromática y medicinal. Es un arbusto de hasta 3 metros, distribuido en Norteamerica, desde e l sur de EEUU hasta el norte de México, y en Sudamerica hasta el paralelo 37°. Al igual que en otras especies nativas, la demanda es cubierta por recolección en poblaciones silvestres, lo cual trae aparejado el deterioro del recurso y falta de homogeneidad del producto cosechado. Se caracterizó la variabilidad en nueve poblaciones de A. gratissima var. gratissima del noreste de San Luis, Argentina, en base a caracteres morfológicos y fitoquímicos. Se encontró que la especie en la región presenta una conside rable heterogeneidad. Se detectó diversidad en las características químicas de los aceites esenciales analizados y se relacionó la prevalencia de mono y sesquiterpenos con las identidades olfativas identificadas. Los componentes mayoritarios fueron el sesq uiterpeno espatulenol y el monoterpeno 1,8 cineol.

Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, and Control Among Parents of School-Aged Children in the United Arab Emirates.

Background: Increased blood pressure (BP) is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of hypertension and its awareness and control among parents of school-aged children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: A total of 605 parents participated in this cross-sectional study. Information on socio-demographics, lifestyle factors, and history of chronic disease were collected through an adapted version of the World Health Organization STEPS questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose samples, BP measurements, body mass index (BMI), and waist and hip circumference were obtained using standard measurement protocols. Prevalence of hypertension was identified in the cohorts by defining hypertension using the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines (BP≥130/80 mmHg) and the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines Orchid (BP≥140/90 mmHg) in association with antihypertensive medication use. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.9±7.9 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 37.2% (95% CI: 33.5-41.2) and 18.0% (95% CI: 15.2-21.3), using the 2017 and the previous WHO definitions, respectively. Little over half of the sample (51.5%) who were aware of having hypertension reported using antihypertensive medications. Of those reporting the use of antihypertensive medications in the past two days, 13 of 33 patients (39.4%) had their hypertension under control (<140/90 mmHg). The independent correlates of hypertension included age [(adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.09 (1.05-1.13], male sex [AOR: 2.48 (1.41-4.34], college or higher education [AOR: 0.22 (0.09-0.56)], family history of hypertension [AOR: 2.03 (1.17-3.53)], obesity [AOR: 3.15 (1.24-7.12)], and moderate or vigorous physical activity [AOR: 0.50 (0.26-0.98)]. Conclusion: Hypertension is prevalent among parents of school-going children. Improving lifestyle, health literacy, and introducing innovative models to raise awareness and education about hypertension are essential to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Mobility-related inequality in healthcare utilization between floating and native populations and its influencing factors: evidence from China.

Our goal was to examine inequality in healthcare utilization and the factors that contribute to inequality between China's floating and native populations. Based on the China Labor-force Dynamics Surveys from 2014 to 2018, which used three rounds of data, we utilized a panel probit model that included fixed effects for time and province to estimate the probability of healthcare utilization for floating and native populations. In addition, we calculated the degree of inequality in healthcare utilization by using the method of mobility-related inequality and a decomposition approach was used to explain the contribution of each factor to the inequality. The floating population utilized healthcare at a lower rate, with a 10.5% probability of visiting a hospital and a 20.9% probability of receiving hospitalized treatment. The concentration index of mobility-related inequality in healthcare utilization shows a negative coefficient of -0.137 for hospital visits and -0.356 for hospitalized treatment. Contribution decomposition shows that self-assessed health, job category and household registration account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospital visits, contributing -0.038, 0.021 and -0.017, respectively. Age, household registration and insurance account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospitalized treatment, contributing -0.053, 0.024 and -0.023, respectively. The floating population was less likely to use health services and faced an inequality in treatment compared with the native population.

Genetic Diversity in Invasive Populations of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.

In our study, two aggressive-invasive species, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, were investigated. The success in naturalization of both species is associated with human activities, since they have been used in agriculture and floriculture and both have qualities such as environmental tolerance, high fertility and phenotypic plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity of both species. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., genetic diversity was compared in invasive and native populations. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity was compared in variety, feral and invasive populations. A genetic diversity was formulated using RAPD, ISSR and REMAP. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., the average genetic diversity within the invasive population was similar (0.432), but slightly less (0.502) than within the native Caucasian population. This may suggest the successful naturalization of invaders and almost complete reconstruction of their genetic diversity. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity for the invasive population was the highest, with an average of 0.294, while for variety, it was the lowest, with an average of 0.194. The feral population had an intermediate place with an average of 0.248, which could suggest an increase of diversity in the process of naturalization.

Factores asociados a enterobiosis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja del departamento Madre de Dios, Perú / Factors associated with enterobiosis in children of the Ese'Eja native communities in department of Madre de Dios, Peru

Introducción: La enterobiosis es una de las principales infecciones intestinales del mundo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la infección por Enterobius vermicularis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja en Madre de Dios, Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se trabajó con niños (77) de 1 a 11 años durante los meses de febrero a marzo de 2014. Para diagnosticar la enterobiosis se usó el test de Graham. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron evaluadas por un médico y los factores asociados mediante una encuesta aplicada a los padres de los niños evaluados. Se usó estadística descriptiva y analítica, se utilizaron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas con un IC 95 por ciento se consideró p< 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de enterobiosis fue de 32,47 por ciento (25). Los factores asociados (RP e IC 95 por ciento) en el análisis bivariado fueron onicofagia 2,1 (1,1-3,9), chuparse los dedos 5,4 (2,1-2,7), uñas largas 7 (2,6-18,6), intercambio de ropa 2,3 (1,1-3,7), cambio de ropa interior 3,3 (1,8-5,9), uso de calzado 7 (2,6-18,4), juego con tierra 6,9 (1,7-27,3), juego con mascotas 6,4 (2,1-19,7), lavado de manos antes de comer 7,9 (3,6-17,1), lavado de manos después de comer 1,9 (1,7-3,66), 6 o más personas en la casa 3,9 (1,9-7,9), disposición de excretas a campo abierto 3,3 (1,7-6,2) y el menor nivel socioeconómico 2,6 (1,3-5,4). No hubo asociaciones en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de enterobiosis en la población estudiada y los factores de riesgo son similares a los antecedentes locales. Urge hacer programas de prevención y promoción de salud respecto al tema para reducir este problema(AU)

Introduction: Enterobiasis is one of the main intestinal infections worldwide. Objective: Determine the factors associated to Enterobius vermicularis infection in children from two native Ese'Eja communities in Madre de Dios, Peru. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in February-March 2014 of 77 children aged 1-11 years. Enterobiasis diagnosis was based on Graham's test. Clinical manifestations were evaluated by a physician, whereas associated factors were determined through a survey applied to the parents of the children studied. Use was made of descriptive and analytical statistical analysis, and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with a CI of 95 percent. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Enterobiasis prevalence was 32.47 percent (25). The associated factors (PR and CI 95 percent) in the bivariate analysis were onychophagia 2.1 (1.1-3.9), finger sucking 5.4 (2.1-2.7), long nails 7 (2.6-18.6), exchanging clothes 2.3 (1.1-3.7), changing underwear 3.3 (1.8-5.9), wearing shoes 7 (2.6-18.4), playing with earth 6.9 (1.7-27.3), playing with pets 6.4 (2.1-19.7), handwashing before eating 7.9 (3.6-17.1), handwashing after eating 1.9 (1.7-3.66), six or more people in the household 3.9 (1.9-7.9), feces disposal in open areas 3.3 (1.7-6.2) and a lower socioeconomic level 2.6 (1.3-5.4). Multivariate analysis did not find any association. Conclusions: Enterobiasis prevalence is high in the population studied, and the risk factors are similar to the local antecedents. It is urgent to develop health prevention and promotion programs about the topic to reduce this problem(AU)

Differences in health status, health behaviour and healthcare utilisation between Immigrant and native homeless people in Spain: An exploratory study.

Few studies have examined the differences between immigrant and native-born homeless populations. Our aim was to conduct an exploratory study to examine the differences in health status, health behaviour and healthcare utilisation in a sample of Spanish immigrant and native homeless people. Study was conducted in eight different temporary accommodations in the Valencia region in August 2018. Overall, 86 participants were included in the analysis who answered questionnaires concerning socio-demographic characteristics, immigration status, health status and behaviour, healthcare utilisation and experienced discrimination in healthcare and health literacy. In total, 76.7% were men with a mean age of 41.91 (14.17) years, with 60.4% having immigration background with an average of 4.8 (4.2) years since arrival in Spain. No differences were found in the subjective health status, however, native homeless participants reported significantly higher prevalence of heart disease (87.5% vs. 12.5%), hypertension (84.6% vs. 15.4%), psychological illness (63.6% vs. 36.4%) and were also more often smokers (73.5% vs. 28.8%), reported smoking more cigarettes per day (12.0 vs. 7.4) and were more often illegal drug users (17.6% vs. 2.0%). Immigrant participants were significantly more often not insured, reported more problems in healthcare access and had lower rates of visits to general practitioners and less hospital admissions. Differences were also observed in social status with the native homeless more often reporting receiving income, and living in less crowded accommodations. Our results show a variety of issues that the immigrant homeless population in Spain is confronted with that also prevents adequate social inclusion and achieving good health. However, the immigrant population engaged less often in risky health behaviour. More, and continuous, monitoring of social, mental and physical health of the homeless population is necessary. Public health interventions aiming at health promotion in the immigrant homeless populations need to focus on increasing overall social integration.

Multiple waves of freshwater colonization of the three-spined stickleback in the Japanese Archipelago.

BACKGROUND: The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a remarkable system to study the genetic mechanisms underlying parallel evolution during the transition from marine to freshwater habitats. Although the majority of previous studies on the parallel evolution of sticklebacks have mainly focused on postglacial freshwater populations in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe, we recently use Japanese stickleback populations for investigating shared and unique features of adaptation and speciation between geographically distant populations. However, we currently lack a comprehensive phylogeny of the Japanese three-spined sticklebacks, despite the fact that a good phylogeny is essential for any evolutionary and ecological studies. Here, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of the three-spined stickleback in the Japanese Archipelago. RESULTS: We found that freshwater colonization occurred in multiple waves, each of which may reflect different interglacial isolations. Some of the oldest freshwater populations from the central regions of the mainland of Japan (hariyo populations) were estimated to colonize freshwater approximately 170,000 years ago. The next wave of colonization likely occurred approximately 100,000 years ago. The inferred origins of several human-introduced populations showed that introduction occurred mainly from nearby habitats. We also found a new habitat of the three-spined stickleback sympatric with the Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus). CONCLUSIONS: These Japanese stickleback systems differ from those in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe in terms of divergence time and history. Stickleback populations in the Japanese Archipelago offer valuable opportunities to study diverse evolutionary processes in historical and contemporary timescales.

Evolution and genetics of bighead and silver carps: Native population conservation versus invasive species control.

Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), collectively called bigheaded carps, are cyprinids native mainly to China and have been introduced to over 70 countries. Paleontological and molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrate bighead and silver carps originated from the Yangtze-Huanghe River basins and modern populations may have derived from the secondary contact of geographically isolated fish during the last glacial events. Significant genetic differences are found among populations of native rivers (Yangtze, Pearl, and Amur) as well as introduced/invasive environments (Mississippi R., USA and Danube R., Hungary), suggesting genetic backgrounds and ecological selection may play a role in population differentiation. Population divergence of bighead carp or silver carp has occurred within their native rivers, whereas, within the Mississippi River Basin (MRB)-an introduced region, such genetic differentiation is likely taking place at least in silver carp. Interspecific hybridization between silver and bighead carps is rare within their native regions; however, extensive hybridization is observed in the MRB, which could be contributed by a shift to a more homogenous environment that lacks reproductive isolation barriers for the restriction of gene flow between species. The wild populations of native bighead and silver carps have experienced dramatic declines; in contrast, the introduced bigheaded carps overpopulate the MRB and are considered two invasive species, which strongly suggests fishing capacity (overfishing and underfishing) be a decisive factor for fishery resource exploitation and management. This review provides not only a global perspective of evolutionary history and population divergence of bigheaded carps but also a forum that calls for international research collaborations to deal with critical issues related to native population conservation and invasive species control.

Relación entre anemia por deficiencia de hierro y caries dentales en la comunidad escolar peruana / Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and dental caries in schoolchildren of peruvian native communities

Introduction: children from native communities are exposed to inequities and inequalities in nutrition and oral health. Objective: determine the relationship between iron-deficiency anemia and the prevalence of dental caries among schoolchildren from Peruvian native communities. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted of children from the native communities in Satipo, Junín, Peru. The sample was 120 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and in compliance with the ethical standards of scientific research. Hemoglobin concentration was measured with the system HemoCue®. Evaluation of the nutritional status was based on body mass index. Oral conditions were assessed with the following indicators: rate of tooth decay, loss and fillings, significant caries index, simplified oral health index and index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Data were analyzed with the software STATA v. 14. Association between the variables was estimated with the chi-square test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: mean hemoglobin concentration was 11.9 mg/dl (1.49); prevalence of anemia was 44.16 percent: most schoolchildren were undernourished: 109 (90.83 percent). Prevalence, experience and significance of dental caries was 93.33 percent, 5.23 and 7.51, respectively. An association was observed between iron-deficiency anemia and the prevalence of dental caries (p=0.011). Conclusions: a statistically significant association was found between the variables studied (p> 0.05)(AU)

Introducción: los niños de comunidades nativas están expuestos a las inequidades y desigualdades en nutrición y salud oral. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la anemia por deficiencia de hierro y la prevalencia de caries dental en escolares de comunidades nativas peruanas. Métodos: estudio transversal en niños de comunidades nativas de Satipo, Junín, Perú. La muestra estuvo conformada por 120 escolares de 6 a 12 años, cumpliendo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, según las normas éticas en investigación científica. La concentración de hemoglobina se evaluó a través del sistema HemoCue®. Se evaluó el estado nutricional mediante el indice de masa corporal. Las condiciones orales se evaluaron a través de los indicadores: Índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados, índice de caries significativo, el índice de salud oral simplificado y el índice de consecuencias clínicas de la caries dental no tratada. Los datos se analizaron en el programa STATA v.14, la asociación entre las variables se calculó usando la prueba de chi-cuadrado: p < 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: la concentración promedio de hemoglobina fue de 11,9 mg/dL (1,49), se encontró una prevalencia de 44,16 por ciento de anemia, la mayoría de los escolares presentó desnutrición 109 (90,83 por ciento). La prevalencia, experiencia y significancia de caries dental fue del 93.33 por ciento, 5,23 y 7,51, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación entre la anemia por deficiencia de hierro y la prevalencia de caries dental (p=0,011). Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables estudiadas (p> 0,05)(AU)

Divergent trends in life expectancy across the rural-urban gradient and association with specific racial proportions in the contiguous USA 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate county-level adult life expectancy for Whites, Black/African Americans (Black), American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian/Pacific Islander (Asian) populations and assess the difference across racial groups in the relationship among life expectancy, rurality and specific race proportion. METHODS: We used individual-level death data to estimate county-level life expectancy at age 25 (e25) for Whites, Black, AIAN and Asian in the contiguous USA for 2000-2005. Race-sex-stratified models were used to examine the associations among e25, rurality and specific race proportion, adjusted for socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Lower e25 was found in the central USA for AIANs and in the west coast for Asians. We found higher e25 in the most rural areas for Whites but in the most urban areas for AIAN and Asians. The associations between specific race proportion and e25 were positive or null for Whites but were negative for Blacks, AIAN, and Asians. The relationship between specific race proportion and e25 varied across rurality. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying differences in adult life expectancy, both across and within racial groups, provides new insights into the geographic determinants of life expectancy disparities.

High prevalence of HBV infection, detection of subgenotypes F1b, A2, and D4, and differential risk factors among Mexican risk populations with low socioeconomic status.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may be underestimated among high-risk individuals in regions of low HBs antigenemia. This study aimed to assess HBV serological markers, genotypes, and risk factors in Mexican patients with risk of HBV infection and low socioeconomic status. Demographics, clinical, and risk factor data were collected in patients with HIV (n = 289), HCV (n = 243), deferred blood donors (D-BD) (n = 83), and two native populations, Mixtecos (n = 57) and Purepechas (n = 44). HBV infection was assessed by HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV-DNA testing. Overall, patients had low education and very-low income. Totally, HBsAg prevalence was 16.5% (113/684) ranging from 0.7% (HCV) to 37.3% (D-BD), while anti-HBc was 30.2% (207/684). Among 52 sequences, genotypes H (n = 34, 65.4%), G (n = 4, 7.7%), subgenotypes F1b (n = 7, 13.5%), A2 (n = 6, 11.5%), and D4 (n = 1, 1.9%) were detected. Surgeries, sexual promiscuity, and blood transfusions had a differential pattern of distribution. In HCV patients, single (OR = 5.84, 95%Cl 1.91-17.80, P = 0.002), MSM (OR = 4.80, 95%Cl 0.75-30.56, P = 0.097), and IDU (OR = 2.93, 95%CI 1.058-8.09, P = 0.039) were predictors for HBV infection. While IDU (OR = 2.68, 95%CI 1.08-6.61, P = 0.033) and MSM (OR = 2.64, 95%CI 1.39-5.04, P = 0.003) were predictors in HIV patients. In this group, MSM was associated with HBsAg positivity (OR = 3.45, 95%CI 1.48-8.07, P = 0.004) and IDU with anti-HBc positivity (OR = 5.12, 95%CI 2.05-12.77, P < 0.001). In conclusion, testing with a combined approach of three different HBV markers, a high prevalence of HBV infection, a differential distribution of HBV genotypes, including subgenotypes F1b, A2, and D4, as well as risk factors in low-income Mexican risk groups were detected.

Apropiación de la medicina tradicional por las nuevas generaciones de las comunidades indígenas del Departamento de Vaupés, Colombia / Appropriation of traditional medicine by the native communities new generations from the state of Vaupés, Colombia

En el departamento del Vaupés la Medicina tradicional (MT) juega un papel fundamental en las comunidades indígenas, siendo transmitida oralmente entre generaciones, lo que podría generar la pérdida de conocimientos. Se pretende, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada a jóvenes, determinar la importancia dada por ellos a la MT. Como resultado se obtiene que existe un polilingüísmo individual marcado, pero representado en minorías etnolingüísticas, implicando una permeabilidad constante de saberes y tradiciones, sin embargo se observa un reconocimiento claro de la MT y de los procesos que ella implica, estando relacionado con el uso de idiomas nativos y con la interacción que en su comunidad, familia y escuela se haga.Por esta razón actividades comunitarias como pescar, lavar en el río y trabajar en la chagra son actividades de mayor influencia para la apropiación de la MT, estando estas influenciadas por la capacidad de integración con las personas mayores por el idioma.

At the state of the Vaupés, the Traditional Medicine (MT) has a fundamental roll between the native communities, being orally transmitted among generations, which could lead to loss of knowledges. It is pretended through a semi-structured survey done to teen agers, to determine their importance to the (MI). As a result it was obtained that a marked single polinguilism exists, but it is represented by minor ethnolinguistic groups, explaining a constant permeability of knowledge and traditions, however it is observed a clear appreciation of the MT and of the implicit processes, being related with the use of the native languages and the done inter ­ action with their community, family and school. It is the reason why community activities like to fish, wash clothing at the river and work in the farm are huge influenced activities for the MT appropriation, and been influenced by the integration capacity with their language elder people.

[The Attitude to One's Own Health Among Native Residents of Yakutia].

The study was carried out concerning value reference points and attitudes of native population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) intended for health preservation. The analysis was applied to answers of 292 respondents residing in rural area of Yakutia. The analysis of answers of value motivation section demonstrated that for most respondents their health is a priority value of life. At that, most of respondents misunderstand and underestimate role of health in their life because they are unaware of health as an instrumental value. The health as an instrumental value gives its priority to persistence and diligence and hence ranks lower as compared with terminal value. The respondents assume that health mainly depends on diet, life-style, ecology. The results of analysis of answers to questions of "emotional" and "behavioral" sections testify in most of the respondents absence of comprehension about responsibility for one's own health, inadequate commitment to healthy life-style and passive attitude to health. The more active attitude to health is established in respondents of mature age that is rather related to deterioration of well-being feeling and presence of chronic diseases. In the younger age, most of respondents consider they are healthy and hence ignore prevention of diseases. Thereby, in spite of that health is mentioned by respondents as one of priority values most respondents are missing both attitudes to health preservation and clear-cut strategy of health-preserving behavior. In conditions of cardinal alteration of traditional way of life and life-style of native population of the North, behavioral habits of self-preserving behavior helping to survive in the severe climate conditions became inadequate. Nowadays, it is necessary to develop a new behavior strategy of health preservation.

Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en indígenas de la etnia Terena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among members of the Terena ethnic group, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Objetivo: evaluar por medio de interrogatorio seroepidemiológico la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en la población indígena de la etnia Terena, así como reconocer los probables mecanismos de transmisión del Toxoplasma gondii en esa comunidad. Métodos: se recolectó sangre venosa de 256 indígenas asintomáticos. El suero obtenido de la sangre se congeló a - 20 °C hasta la realización de los exámenes. Se hizo la serología por inmunofluorescencia indirecta y la confirmación de los sueros positivos por ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Resultados: entre los 256 indígenas estudiados, 67 (26,17 por ciento) presentaron anticuerpos de clase IgG anti- Toxoplasma gondii, con títulos iguales o superiores a 1:16. No se encontró positividad para IgM en las muestras analizadas. Conclusiones: la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii entre los indígenas de la etnia Terena indica que esa población tuvo un contacto anterior con el parásito. El factor de riesgo identificado como probable responsable por la transmisión resultó la cohabitación entre personas y gatos. La prevalencia de seropositividad fue mayor en la franja etaria entre 21 y 25 años(AU)

Objective: by means of seroepidemiological interviews, determine the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among the native Terena population, and identify the probable transmission mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii in that community. Methods: venous blood was collected from 256 asymptomatic community members. The blood serum obtained was frozen to -20 °C until the tests were carried out. Indirect immunofluorescence serology was performed and positive sera were confirmed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: of the 256 subjects studied, 67 (26.17 percent) had anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies, with titers equal to of greater than 1:16. No positive results were obtained for IgM in the samples analyzed. Conclusions: the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among members of the Terena ethnic group indicates that this population had a previous contact with the parasite. The risk factor identified as the probable cause of transmission was the presence of cats in households. Seropositivity was highest in the 21-25 age group(AU)

Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em indígenas da etnia Terena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en indígenas de la etnia Terena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among members of the Terena ethnic group, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Objetivo: avaliar por meio de inquérito soroepidemiológico a presença de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii na população indígena da etnia Terena, bem como reconhecer os prováveis mecanismos de transmissão do Toxoplasma gondii naquela comunidade. Métodos: para realização da pesquisa, coletou-se sangue venoso de 256 indígenas assintomáticos. O soro obtido do sangue foi congelado a - 20 °C até a realização dos exames. Realizou-se a sorologia por imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e confirmação dos soros positivos por Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Resultados: entre os 256 indígenas estudados, 67 (26,17) apresentaram anticorpos de classe IgG anti-T gondii, com títulos iguais ou superiores a 1:16. Não foi encontrada positividade para IgM em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Conclusões: a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii entre os indígenas da etnia Terena indica que essa população teve um contato anterior com o parasito. O fator de risco identificado como provável responsável pela transmissão foi coabitação entre pessoas e gatos. A prevalência de soropositividade foi maior na faixa etária entre 21 e 25 anos(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar por medio de interrogatorio seroepidemiológico la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en la población indígena de la etnia Terena, así como reconocer los probables mecanismos de transmisión del Toxoplasma gondii en esa comunidad. Métodos: se recolectó sangre venosa de 256 indígenas asintomáticos. El suero obtenido de la sangre se congeló a - 20 °C hasta la realización de los exámenes. Se hizo la serología por inmunofluorescencia indirecta y la confirmación de los sueros positivos por ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Resultados: entre los 256 indígenas estudiados, 67 (26,17 por ciento) presentaron anticuerpos de clase IgG anti- Toxoplasma gondii, con títulos iguales o superiores a 1:16. No se encontró positividad para IgM en las muestras analizadas. Conclusiones: la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii entre los indígenas de la etnia Terena indica que esa población tuvo un contacto anterior con el parásito. El factor de riesgo identificado como probable responsable por la transmisión resultó la cohabitación entre personas y gatos. La prevalencia de seropositividad fue mayor en la franja etaria entre 21 y 25 años(AU)

Objective: by means of seroepidemiological interviews, determine the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among the native Terena population, and identify the probable transmission mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii in that community. Methods: venous blood was collected from 256 asymptomatic community members. The blood serum obtained was frozen to -20 °C until the tests were carried out. Indirect immunofluorescence serology was performed and positive sera were confirmed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: of the 256 subjects studied, 67 (26.17 percent) had anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies, with titers equal to of greater than 1:16. No positive results were obtained for IgM in the samples analyzed. Conclusions: the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among members of the Terena ethnic group indicates that this population had a previous contact with the parasite. The risk factor identified as the probable cause of transmission was the presence of cats in households. Seropositivity was highest in the 21-25 age group(AU)

Frecuencia alélica de apolipoproteina E en una población aborigen / Apolipoprotein E allelic frequency in a native population

El polimorfismo de apolipoproteína E (apoE) es originado por los alelos e2, e3 y e4. El origen étnico demostró ser un factor determinante del genotipo de apoE; existen pocos estudios acerca de su distribución. Realizamos un estudio explorativo para determinar la frecuencia alélica (FA) de apoE en una muestra de una población de origen aborigen (PA) nacidos en la provincia de Chaco (Rep. Argentina) y emigrados a Rosario y/o descendientes de los mismos nacidos en la ciudad, y compararla con la de una población caucásica argentina (PC), dato no reportado hasta el momento. Para comparar la FA en ambas poblaciones (PA n: 71,1 a 45 años y PC n: 56, 5 a 17 años), el tamaño muestral fue calculado para lograr una estimación representativa de la población total con una confianza del 95%. Las muestras fueron reclutadas en forma aleatoria de individuos que aceptaron participar previo consentimiento firmado. La caracterización molecular se realizó por ASA­PCR. Para comparar la FA de PA con PC, se realizó el ensayo de hipótesis de una proporción bajo teoría normal. Los resultados de FA fueron: PC: e3 0,786 (IC 95% 0,679­0,893), e4 0,178 (IC 95% 0,078­0,278), e2 0,036 (IC 95% 0,000­0,084), PA: e3 0,880 (IC 95% 0,804-0,956), e4 0,084 (IC 95% 0,021­0,147), e2 0,035 (IC 95% 0,000­0,075). Se encontró diferencia significativa en la FA de e3 y e4 entre las poblaciones estudiadas. El tamaño y esquema de muestreo, etnia, factores ambientales y protocolos utilizados, podrían contribuir a la diversidad de los resultados.

The polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is originated by e2, e3 and e4 alleles. Ethnic origin has demonstrated to be a decisive factor for ApoE genotype. There are few studies about its distribution. We carried out this explorative study of the apoE genotype frequency (AF) in a native population (NP) born in the Chaco province and emigrated to Rosario (Argentina) and/or descendants in order to compare it with a Caucasian Argentinean population (CP), a fact that has not been reported yet. To compare the allelic frequency of both populations (NP n: 71. 1 to 45 yr and CP n: 56.5 to 17 yr), the sample size was calculated to achieve a representative estimation of total population with a confidence interval of 95%. Samples were randomly collected from individuals that accepted to participate and signed an informed consent. The molecular characterization was made by ASA­PCR. To compare the AF of both populations, the hypothesis assay of a proportion under a normal theory was carried out. The allelic frequencies (AF) in the PC were: e3 0.786 (IC 95% 0.679­0.893), e4 0.178 (IC 95% 0.078­0.278), e2 0.036 (IC 95% 0.000­0.084). While FA in PA were e3 0.880 (IC 95% 0.804­0.956), e4 0.084 (IC 95% 0.021­0.147) and e2 0.035 (IC 95% 0.000­0.075). Significant differences were observed in the AF of e3 and e4 among the different populations. The sample size and sampling procedure, ethnia, environmental factors, and lab protocols could have contributed to the diversity of the results.